{"id":388620,"date":"2023-06-28T10:49:21","date_gmt":"2023-06-28T14:49:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/?post_type=ftm_collection&#038;p=388620"},"modified":"2023-06-28T11:14:09","modified_gmt":"2023-06-28T15:14:09","slug":"brief-history-quantum-mechanics","status":"publish","type":"ftm_collection","link":"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/collections\/brief-history-quantum-mechanics\/","title":{"rendered":"A brief history of quantum mechanics"},"content":{"rendered":"    <a id=\"\" class=\"relative block invisible -top-20 lg:-top-24\" ><\/a>\n    <div \n        class=\"mb-16 layout layout-page-section flex flex-col container-cover container-padding layout layout-page-section layout--inherit  pt-0 pb-6 mt-0 mb-0\" \n                >\n        \n<div class=\"bt-block relative block-heading z-10 block-heading-section font-headline-large lg:font-headline-xlarge lg:!leading-tight text-center md:px-5 lg:px-12 xl:px-16\">\n        <span class=\"text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n        A brief history of quantum mechanics    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"bt-block relative block-heading z-10 block-heading-section font-utility-subtitle-small sm:font-utility-subtitle-medium lg:leading-tight text-center\">\n        <span class=\"text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n        Does our most successful scientific theory actually describe reality?    <\/span>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"bt-block block-page-section-menu hidden lg:block sticky top-[80px] z-50\">\n    \n<div class=\"w-full my-12 bg-white \">\n    <ul class=\"w-full py-6 border-t border-b border-black-10 dark:border-white-30 font-utility-subnav-cta flex flex-nowrap no-scrollbar overflow-x-auto md:justify-center gap-x-10\">\n                                <li class=\"inline-block \">\n                <a class=\"\n                py-4\n                                dark:text-white-60\n                            \" href=\"#early-days\">\n                    Early Days                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                <li class=\"inline-block \">\n                <a class=\"\n                py-4\n                                dark:text-white-60\n                            \" href=\"#particles-waves\">\n                    Particles &amp; Waves                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                <li class=\"inline-block \">\n                <a class=\"\n                py-4\n                                dark:text-white-60\n                            \" href=\"#quantum-reality\">\n                    Quantum Reality                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n                                <li class=\"inline-block \">\n                <a class=\"\n                py-4\n                                dark:text-white-60\n                            \" href=\"#hidden-variables\">\n                    Hidden Variables                <\/a>\n            <\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n    <a id=\"\" class=\"relative block invisible -top-20 lg:-top-24\" ><\/a>\n    <div \n        class=\"mb-16 layout layout-page-section flex flex-col container-cover container-padding layout layout-page-section layout--inherit  pt-0 pb-0 mt-0 mb-0\" \n                >\n        \n    <div class=\"\n        bt-block block-content-package bigthink-flex-row \n                                        \"\n            >\n\n        \n<div class=\"card card-xlarge card-paragraph \">\n            <div class=\"flex flex-col gap-4 card-body font-body-medium  with-dropcap\">\n        <p> Quantum physics changed the world. Today, our lives literally depend on computers and smartphones, but the science that underlies these technologies \u2014 quantum physics \u2014 remains an enigma. In fact, the science is so incredibly strange that physicist Richard Feynman once quipped, \u201cI can safely say that nobody understands quantum mechanics.\u201d He\u2019s right. But why is it so different from what we are used to in our everyday lives? In this 10-part series, astrophysicist <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/people\/marcelo-gleiser\/\">Dr. Marcelo Gleiser<\/a> explores the history and conceptual weirdness of quantum mechanics from its early years to the present day \u2014 along with its unsettling philosophical implications.\u00a0<br><\/p>    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card card-xlarge\">\n    <figure>\n                <picture >\n            <source  width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/quantum.jpg?resize=640,360\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/quantum.jpg\" height=\"1406\" width=\"2500\" alt=\"a computer generated image of a quantum mechanics phenomenon.\">        <\/picture>\n            <\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n    <a id=\"early-days\" class=\"relative block invisible -top-20 lg:-top-24\" ><\/a>\n    <div \n        class=\"mb-16 layout layout-page-section flex flex-col container-cover container-padding layout layout-page-section layout--inherit  pt-0 pb-0 mt-0 mb-0\" \n                >\n        \n<div class=\"bt-block block-divider pb-4 \">\n    <div class=\"stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                                <hr class=\"border-t-10 border-black-90 dark:border-white-90\">\n                            <div class=\"mt-4 uppercase font-utility-headline-xsmall-alt\">Early Days<\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"\n        bt-block block-content-package bigthink-flex-row \n                                        \"\n            >\n\n        \n<article id=\"post-302801\" class=\"card  card-large card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/max-planck-birth-quantum-physics\/\" class=\"aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?w=480&amp;h=270&amp;crop=1\" class=\"exclude-lazy\" alt=\"a black and white photo of a man sitting at a desk.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=20,12 20w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=40,23 40w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=80,45 80w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=160,90 160w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=320,180 320w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=832,468 832w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=1440,810 1440w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=1824,1026 1824w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=420,236 420w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=495,278 495w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=680,382 680w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=854,480 854w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=375,211 375w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max-planck.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>                            <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/max-planck-birth-quantum-physics\/\">\n        Max Planck and how the dramatic birth of quantum physics changed the world    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">The quantum world is one in which rules that are completely foreign to our everyday experience dictate bizarre behavior.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-302801 -->\n\n<div class=\"card card-quote card-large\">\n            <div class=\"card-headline\">\n            <p>\u201cBohr saw what no one could see at the time:&nbsp;<br><\/p>        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"card-content card-stack !divide-y-0\">\n                    <p>that atoms are nothing like people had thought for at least 2,000 years. In fact, they are <mark class=\"highlight\">like nothing anyone could have imagined at all<\/mark>.\u201d<br><\/p>                                            <div class=\"w-full overflow-hidden mt-2 stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                    <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"1201\" height=\"23\" viewBox=\"0 0 1201 23\" fill=\"none\">\n  <path d=\"M0.292969 2.875H72.0156V16.7697L83.2779 2.875H1200.31\" stroke-width=\"4\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"card card-thinker card-small-alternate !pt-0\">\n                                                            <figure>\n                                    <picture >\n            <source  width=\"40\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg?resize=40,40\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg\" height=\"443\" width=\"445\" alt=\"Marcelo Gleiser\">        <\/picture>\n                                <\/figure>\n                                                                        <div class=\"flex flex-col justify-center\">\n                        <div class=\"font-utility-button\">\n                            Marcelo Gleiser                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"font-utility-subtitle-small\">\n                                Theoretical Physicist\n                            <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card-stack card-standard\">\n    \n<article id=\"post-306803\" class=\"card  card-standard card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-jumps-niels-bohr-atom\/\" class=\"aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 lg:aspect-w-16 lg:aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                        <picture >\n            <source media=\"(max-width: 1023px)\"  width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Untitled_Artwork.gif?resize=80,80\"><source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\"  width=\"320\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Untitled_Artwork.gif?resize=320,180\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Untitled_Artwork.gif\" height=\"900\" width=\"1600\" alt=\"\">        <\/picture>\n                                    <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n    <div class=\"font-emphasis-eyebrow\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/\">\n                13.8            <\/a>\n            <\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-jumps-niels-bohr-atom\/\">\n        Quantum jumps: How Niels Bohr&#8217;s idea changed the world    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">Like Dua Lipa, he had to create new rules.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-306803 -->\n\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n    <a id=\"particles-waves\" class=\"relative block invisible -top-20 lg:-top-24\" ><\/a>\n    <div \n        class=\"mb-16 layout layout-page-section flex flex-col container-cover container-padding layout layout-page-section layout--inherit  pt-0 pb-0 mt-0 mb-0\" \n                >\n        \n<div class=\"bt-block block-divider pb-4 \">\n    <div class=\"stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                                <hr class=\"border-t-10 border-black-90 dark:border-white-90\">\n                            <div class=\"mt-4 uppercase font-utility-headline-xsmall-alt\">Particles &amp; Waves<\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"\n        bt-block block-content-package bigthink-flex-row \n                                        \"\n            >\n\n        \n<div class=\"card-stack card-standard\">\n    \n<article id=\"post-312145\" class=\"card  card-standard card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-nature-of-light\/\" class=\"aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 lg:aspect-w-16 lg:aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                        <picture >\n            <source media=\"(max-width: 1023px)\"  width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Untitled_Artwork-2.gif?resize=80,80\"><source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\"  width=\"320\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Untitled_Artwork-2.gif?resize=320,180\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Untitled_Artwork-2.gif\" height=\"900\" width=\"1600\" alt=\"\">        <\/picture>\n                                    <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-nature-of-light\/\">\n        The paradox of light goes beyond wave-particle duality    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">Light carries with it the secrets of reality in ways we cannot completely understand.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-312145 -->\n\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card card-quote card-large\">\n            <div class=\"card-headline\">\n            <p>\u201cWith Einstein\u2019s enthusiastic support, de Broglie boldly extended the notion of wave-particle duality&#8230;<br><\/p>        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"card-content card-stack !divide-y-0\">\n                    <p>&#8230;from light to electrons and, by extension, to every moving material object.\u201d<br><\/p>                                            <div class=\"w-full overflow-hidden mt-2 stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                    <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"1201\" height=\"23\" viewBox=\"0 0 1201 23\" fill=\"none\">\n  <path d=\"M0.292969 2.875H72.0156V16.7697L83.2779 2.875H1200.31\" stroke-width=\"4\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"card card-thinker card-small-alternate !pt-0\">\n                                                            <figure>\n                                    <picture >\n            <source  width=\"40\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg?resize=40,40\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg\" height=\"443\" width=\"445\" alt=\"Marcelo Gleiser\">        <\/picture>\n                                <\/figure>\n                                                                        <div class=\"flex flex-col justify-center\">\n                        <div class=\"font-utility-button\">\n                            Marcelo Gleiser                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"font-utility-subtitle-small\">\n                                Theoretical Physicist\n                            <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<article id=\"post-317957\" class=\"card  card-large card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/wave-particle-duality-matter\/\" class=\"aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?w=480&amp;h=270&amp;crop=1\" class=\"exclude-lazy\" alt=\"a yellow drawing of a man&#039;s face with a wave pattern.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg 3200w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=20,12 20w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=40,23 40w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=80,45 80w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=160,90 160w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=320,180 320w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=832,468 832w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=1440,810 1440w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=1824,1026 1824w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=420,236 420w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=495,278 495w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=680,382 680w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=854,480 854w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=375,211 375w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/nose-with-butchers-paper-effect.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>                            <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/wave-particle-duality-matter\/\">\n        Not just light: Everything is a wave, including you    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">A concept known as &#8220;wave-particle duality&#8221; famously applies to light. But it also applies to all matter \u2014 including you.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-317957 -->\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n    <a id=\"quantum-reality\" class=\"relative block invisible -top-20 lg:-top-24\" ><\/a>\n    <div \n        class=\"mb-16 layout layout-page-section flex flex-col container-cover container-padding layout layout-page-section layout--inherit  pt-0 pb-0 mt-0 mb-0\" \n                >\n        \n<div class=\"bt-block block-divider pb-4 \">\n    <div class=\"stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                                <hr class=\"border-t-10 border-black-90 dark:border-white-90\">\n                            <div class=\"mt-4 uppercase font-utility-headline-xsmall-alt\">Quantum Reality<\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"\n        bt-block block-content-package bigthink-flex-row \n                                        \"\n            >\n\n        \n<article id=\"post-328825\" class=\"card  card-large card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-uncertainty-language\/\" class=\"aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?w=480&amp;h=270&amp;crop=1\" class=\"exclude-lazy\" alt=\"image of subatomic particles\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=20,12 20w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=40,23 40w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=80,45 80w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=160,90 160w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=320,180 320w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=832,468 832w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=1440,810 1440w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=1824,1026 1824w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=420,236 420w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=495,278 495w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=680,382 680w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=854,480 854w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=375,211 375w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/max_planck.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>                            <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-uncertainty-language\/\">\n        Our language is inadequate to describe quantum reality    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">The quantum world \u2014 and its inherent uncertainty \u2014 defies our ability to describe it in words.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-328825 -->\n\n<div class=\"card card-quote card-large\">\n            <div class=\"card-headline\">\n            <p>&#8220;Quantum uncertainty was a devastating blow to those who believed&#8230;<\/p>        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"card-content card-stack !divide-y-0\">\n                    <p>&#8230;that science could provide a <mark class=\"highlight\">deterministic description<\/mark> of the world: that action A causes reaction B. Could nature be this absurd?\u201d<br><\/p>                                            <div class=\"w-full overflow-hidden mt-2 stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                    <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"1201\" height=\"23\" viewBox=\"0 0 1201 23\" fill=\"none\">\n  <path d=\"M0.292969 2.875H72.0156V16.7697L83.2779 2.875H1200.31\" stroke-width=\"4\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"card card-thinker card-small-alternate !pt-0\">\n                                                            <figure>\n                                    <picture >\n            <source  width=\"40\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg?resize=40,40\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg\" height=\"443\" width=\"445\" alt=\"Marcelo Gleiser\">        <\/picture>\n                                <\/figure>\n                                                                        <div class=\"flex flex-col justify-center\">\n                        <div class=\"font-utility-button\">\n                            Marcelo Gleiser                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"font-utility-subtitle-small\">\n                                Theoretical Physicist\n                            <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card-stack card-standard\">\n    \n<article id=\"post-333597\" class=\"card  card-standard card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-superposition\/\" class=\"aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 lg:aspect-w-16 lg:aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                        <picture >\n            <source media=\"(max-width: 1023px)\"  width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/atoms-1.jpg?resize=80,80\"><source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\"  width=\"320\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/atoms-1.jpg?resize=320,180\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/atoms-1.jpg\" height=\"1800\" width=\"3200\" alt=\"atoms\">        <\/picture>\n                                    <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-superposition\/\">\n        Quantum superposition begs us to ask, &#8220;What is real?&#8221;    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">Quantum superposition challenges our notions of what is real.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-333597 -->\n\n<article id=\"post-338508\" class=\"card  card-standard card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-mystery-interaction\/\" class=\"aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 lg:aspect-w-16 lg:aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                        <picture >\n            <source media=\"(max-width: 1023px)\"  width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/BT_thumb_template_mother-54.jpg?resize=80,80\"><source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\"  width=\"320\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/BT_thumb_template_mother-54.jpg?resize=320,180\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/BT_thumb_template_mother-54.jpg\" height=\"900\" width=\"1600\" alt=\"\">        <\/picture>\n                                    <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-mystery-interaction\/\">\n        Quantum mystery: Do things only exist once we interact with them?    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-338508 -->\n\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <\/div>\n\n\n\n    <a id=\"hidden-variables\" class=\"relative block invisible -top-20 lg:-top-24\" ><\/a>\n    <div \n        class=\"mb-16 layout layout-page-section flex flex-col container-cover container-padding layout layout-page-section layout--inherit  pt-0 pb-0 mt-0 mb-0\" \n                >\n        \n<div class=\"bt-block block-divider pb-4 \">\n    <div class=\"stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                                <hr class=\"border-t-10 border-black-90 dark:border-white-90\">\n                            <div class=\"mt-4 uppercase font-utility-headline-xsmall-alt\">Hidden Variables<\/div>\n                        <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"\n        bt-block block-content-package bigthink-flex-row \n                                        \"\n            >\n\n        \n<article id=\"post-344249\" class=\"card  card-large card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/einstein-quantum-ghost\/\" class=\"aspect-w-16 aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"480\" height=\"270\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?w=480&amp;h=270&amp;crop=1\" class=\"exclude-lazy\" alt=\"a man playing a violin in front of a piano.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg 2500w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=1536,864 1536w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=2048,1152 2048w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=20,12 20w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=40,23 40w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=80,45 80w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=160,90 160w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=256,144 256w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=320,180 320w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=480,270 480w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=640,360 640w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=832,468 832w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=1200,675 1200w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=1440,810 1440w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=1824,1026 1824w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=420,236 420w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=768,432 768w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=495,278 495w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=680,382 680w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=854,480 854w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=375,211 375w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=1024,576 1024w, https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/einstein.jpg?resize=1280,720 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/>                            <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/einstein-quantum-ghost\/\">\n        Einstein&#8217;s quantum ghost is here to stay    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"card-excerpt\">To Einstein, nature had to be rational. But quantum physics showed us that there was not always a way to make it so.<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-344249 -->\n\n<div class=\"card card-quote card-large\">\n            <div class=\"card-headline\">\n            <p>&#8220;To the end of his life, Einstein could not resign himself to the new worldview coming from quantum physics\u00a0\u2014<\/p>        <\/div>\n        <div class=\"card-content card-stack !divide-y-0\">\n                    <p>\u2014 that set of beliefs that told us, in essence, that reality was only partially knowable to us humans, and that <mark class=\"highlight\">the very core of nature was hidden from our powers of reasoning<\/mark>.&#8221;<br><\/p>                                            <div class=\"w-full overflow-hidden mt-2 stroke-current text-black-90 dark:text-white-90\">\n                    <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"1201\" height=\"23\" viewBox=\"0 0 1201 23\" fill=\"none\">\n  <path d=\"M0.292969 2.875H72.0156V16.7697L83.2779 2.875H1200.31\" stroke-width=\"4\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n                <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"card card-thinker card-small-alternate !pt-0\">\n                                                            <figure>\n                                    <picture >\n            <source  width=\"40\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg?resize=40,40\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/marcelo-gleiser.jpeg\" height=\"443\" width=\"445\" alt=\"Marcelo Gleiser\">        <\/picture>\n                                <\/figure>\n                                                                        <div class=\"flex flex-col justify-center\">\n                        <div class=\"font-utility-button\">\n                            Marcelo Gleiser                        <\/div>\n                                                    <div class=\"font-utility-subtitle-small\">\n                                Theoretical Physicist\n                            <\/div>\n                                            <\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"card-stack card-standard\">\n    \n<article id=\"post-350778\" class=\"card  card-standard card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-entanglement-hidden-variable\/\" class=\"aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 lg:aspect-w-16 lg:aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                        <picture >\n            <source media=\"(max-width: 1023px)\"  width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/quantum-entanglement_Web.jpg?resize=80,80\"><source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\"  width=\"320\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/quantum-entanglement_Web.jpg?resize=320,180\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/quantum-entanglement_Web.jpg\" height=\"4752\" width=\"8448\" alt=\"quantum entanglement qubit ER = EPR\">        <\/picture>\n                                    <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-entanglement-hidden-variable\/\">\n        Could a hidden variable explain the weirdness of quantum physics?    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-350778 -->\n\n<article id=\"post-357092\" class=\"card  card-standard card-narrative\">\n\n    \n    <div class=\"card-media relative\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-mechanics-philosophy\/\" class=\"aspect-w-1 aspect-h-1 lg:aspect-w-16 lg:aspect-h-9 block\">\n            <figure>\n                        <picture >\n            <source media=\"(max-width: 1023px)\"  width=\"80\" height=\"80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/schrodingerscat2.jpg?resize=80,80\"><source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\"  width=\"320\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/schrodingerscat2.jpg?resize=320,180\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/schrodingerscat2.jpg\" height=\"1406\" width=\"2500\" alt=\"a quantum cat on a blue background.\">        <\/picture>\n                                    <\/figure>\n        <\/a>\n    <\/div>\n\n    <div class=\"card-content\">\n\n<div class=\"card-headline\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/13-8\/quantum-mechanics-philosophy\/\">\n        The weirdness of quantum mechanics forces scientists to confront philosophy    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/article><!-- #post-357092 -->\n\n<\/div>\n\n    <\/div>\n    \n    <\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A 10-part series from Templeton Prize winner and Big Think 13.8 columnist Dr. Marcelo Gleiser.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":427702,"menu_order":0,"template":"","ftm_taxonomy_questions":[],"ftm_taxonomy_new_topics":[],"class_list":["post-388620","ftm_collection","type-ftm_collection","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A brief history of quantum mechanics - Big Think<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bigthink.com\/collections\/brief-history-quantum-mechanics\/\" 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